Waves in ocean are phenomena. People in general do not know what means the phenomena. We see the phenomena but we do not provide the best corrent answer. What we know about it is that firstly, we consider that waves are water motion. In fact it is energy motion. Secondly, we do not differ waves from tides, and current. Once again, we fail to understand ocean phenomena.
When tsunamis become shallow water waves, their wavelength and period are far longer. The wavelength of tsunamis is calculated by the distance of one wave crest to the other.
Their wavelength is fully linked to the underwater displacement and the deep water depth where the disturbances occur. As the deep water depth rises, the wavelength rises. Moreover, the wave period of tsunamis are the amount of time it requires for one wavelength to pass a stationary point. Tsunamis have the wave period of ten minutes to two hours.
Moreover, what happens when tsunamis come to shallow water? If tsunamis come on beaches, they are destructive. Tsunamis energy does not change and it relatively remains constant despite the water depth decreases and their velocity decreases. Their wave crest can undergo bending when their wave motion changes to different speed.
On the other hand, when approaching ashore, the basin is lower and the velocity is constant, and it increases their wave crest. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicts the speed of a tsunami to come to shallow water slows 20 or 30 mph and becomes compressed. It grows the crest more than 100 feet. When the through of the wave hits basin it carries great debris and exposes great patches of the sea floor. This destructive cycle may repeat several times as other waves arrive causing additional damage.
See also: Ocean Environment – Marine Disasters
4. Tides
As quoted in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ross (1995) states that the greater the mass of the objects and the closer they are to each other, the greater the gravitational attraction between them. Concerning tides in ocean, the distance is more determinant factor than the gravitational attraction force. Despite the attraction force between the earth and the sun is far greater than between the earth and the moon, the last attraction force is more dominant in the water tides.
The distance between the earth and the sun decreases its tide-generational force. As quoted in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Thurman (1994) predicts the tide-generating force of the sun only amounts to 27/59. It is far under the tide generating force of the moon.
Classification
Tides are also waves and the longest ones. High tides and low tides are the causes of the gravitational attraction force of the sun, the moon and the rotating earth. As the sun rising in the east and the moon coming out at night, the ocean waters will regularly rise and fall along coastlines. Moreover, different from wind-generating waves, high tides are the highest part of wave, and low tides relate to the lowest part of the tides. It can be definitely seen in shallow water.
The natural phenomenon of gravitational attraction force occurs in universe. On the moon’s surface there is something to bulge. It is occurs because the earth’s great gravitational attraction force to the moon. It is based on data of NASA’s two satellites, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL).
On the contrary, the moon’s gravitational attraction force occurs mostly in ocean waters. It is under stable because seventy percent of the earth’s surface is under the ocean coverage. Until right now the scientists have just known the effect of the moon’s force in a kind of tidal phenomenon. There is no scientific findings on the effects of the moon’s force on the earth’s continence.
See also: Marine Protected Areas – Acidification of The Ocean
5. Rip Current
Current in ocean occurs mostly for differences in temperature and salinity. The differences in temperature and salinity establish global conveyor belt. In Arctic ocean, cold salty water is sunk towards the seafloor when ice freezes. The cold salty water is denser water, and it will sink. It establishes cold and salty deep current. It is a part of global conveyor belts covering warm swallow current. Temperature and salinity are the causes of current in ocean.
However, current can interact with waves and it can be seen on some beaches throughout the world from rip current, Agulhas current and long shore current. Rip current occurs because powerful, narrow channels of fast-moving water along coastline. It relates to weather, tides, beach shape and waves break offshore. Rip occurs along coastline throughout the world. In the US it occurs in the East, Gulf, and West coasts and the Great Lakes.
Moreover, Agulhas current just occurs in one place, i.e. Cape Agulhas located in the west of Cape Town, South Africa. As arriving in Cape Agulhas, the current speed becomes strong enough. It cannot hold the continental shelf and reverses direction and begins heading back to the northeast. The current speed can reach around 5 knots. Agulhas current is totally the only cause of current. Agulhas current aids the transfer of warm and saltier ocean water from Indian ocean to South Atlantic through Mozambique Channel. It also aids in re-circulation of Agulhas current and feeds Benguela Current in the South Atlantic and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
See also: Effects of Ocean Currents – Surface of Tension Liquids
Ocean Waves
At least three factors can be used to classify waves. These include period, and the opposite forces (the restoring force and disturbance force). At first, we discuss the classification of waves by period. It means the time required by successive wave crests to pass a fixed point.
There are capillary waves, gravity-capillary waves, ordinary gravity waves, infra-gravity waves, wave groups, long-period waves (seiches, storm surges, tsunamis), ordinary tidal waves and trans-tidal waves. We divide these waves into three periods of 0.2 second to 30 second, 30 second to 5 minutes and 5 minutes to 12 hours-24 hours and more.
In the first period, there are capillary waves, gravity-capillary waves, ordinary gravity waves. Capillary waves occurs only 0.1 second, gravity-capillary waves are between 0.1 second and 1 second, and finally ordinary gravity waves occur up to 30 second. Moreover, intra-gravity waves, wave group occur from 30 second to 5 minutes. Finally, long period waves including seiches, storm surges and tsunamis occur over than 5 minutes. Tides have two kinds of waves, i.e. ordinal tidal waves and trans-tidal waves. It occurs from 12 hours to 24 hours or more.
Finally, the classification of waves depend on the two opposite forces, i.e. the disturbance force and the restoring force. The disturbance force relates the tension of wind, earthquake, sun or moon to the ocean water surface. Moreover, the restoring force gets influence from the surface tension of ocean water and gravity.
There are two general wave categories, i.e. progressive waves and standing waves. Progressive waves are the waves that move forward across the ocean water surface, such as surface waves, internal waves and tsunamis. Moreover, standing waves are the waves that “seesawing” back and forth on ocean water surface, such as Seiches.
See also: Climate of the Ocean – Global Warming in Ocean
Functions of Waves in Ocean
At least there are six functions of waves in ocean. Firstly, waves create beaches throughout the world. If there is no wave, there is no beach. Waves bring up sand from ocean floor. Instead, they wash the sand and clean it. Secondly, the waves pound and erode rocks. The process creates a symbiotic relationship between sea organism and nature. The sea organisms make adaptation to the erosion of the rocks. Thirdly, the waves increase the capability of sea organism and creatures to make adaptation.
Waves breaks onto the coast and sea creatures and organism take the hardest hits and they have to adapt to be strong. Fourthly, the waves increase biodiversity in ocean. Some sea organism use waves, tidal and current to spread their larvae throughout the sea. Fifthly, at the surface, exchange of climate gases occur. At the surface, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs when ripples and waves gases. Sixth, the waves stabilize climate temperatures. Together with current, waves moves warmer and cold water, and similarity of temperature throughout the world occurs.
See also : Endangered Sea Turtles List – Types of Sea Urchins
Important Existence
Finally, waves are important. It has the relationship of universe, gravitation and regional factors. Wind-generating waves, tides, tsunamis and current are part of the water motion. These exchange heat, energy, gas and others between oceans and atmosphere. Moreover, human activities get advantages from the water motion, such as recreation, shipping, coastal management and coastal and offshore industry. However, once again our knowledge on waves is relatively minimal.